(1971). The reasoning goes like this: Phrases like "disabled person" or "amputee" focus on a condition more than the person who is affected by it. All of the cages used were substantially smaller than the ones used in either of the two experiments discussed above. (1993). (1995). 1. A great deal of debate and controversy has surrounded what does and does not constitute psychological well-being in primates. Dunn, D. S. (2015). Psychological Reports 33:515-523. Disabled people who choose identity-first language claim and celebrate, rather than distance themselves, from their disabilities. The add-on phrase "with a disability," for example, effectively dissociates the disability from the person. Social development in nursery-reared pig-ail macaques (Macaca nemistrina). 18. Berkson, G. (1968). Zoo Biology 13:267-275. and Sackett, G.P. He describes this "pre-stereotypic" locomotion as agitated and non-functional but lacking the fixed appearance of true stereotypic pacing. Psychology is the science of mind and behavior.Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as feeling and thought.It is an academic discipline of immense scope. Examples include crib-biting and wind- sucking in horses,7 eye-rolling in veal calves,8 sham-chewing in pigs,9 and jumping in bank voles.10 Stereotypes may be oral or involve bizarre postures or prolonged locomotion. Thelen, E. (1979). In his paper on prevention of abnormal behaviour in rhesus monkeys, Goosen (1988)40 recommends that infants be weaned only when they are three to six months old. However, the study of stump-tails was designed to investigate the abnormal behaviour of captive bred but not isolated animals. Using phrases like "person with a disability" and "individual with an amputation" emphasizes the person and not his or her condition. Bear in mind, of course, that some challenges remain. by A.O. Department of Agriculture (1991). Person-first and identity-first language: Developing psychologists' cultural competence using disability language. Psychological well-being of primates in captivity. This behaviour, though not stereotypic because it is not performed ritualistically or in repetition, is considered abnormal. The nursery-reared squirrel monkeys in Roy (1981)19 experiment were separated from their mothers at one day after birth. Not all monkeys that experience these environmental conditions develop stereotypic behaviour . When referring to disability, the American Psychological Association (APA) urges that it is often best to "put the person first." Different authors define stereotypic behaviour differently. More recent work by Crockett and others (1993, 1995)36,37 has come to different conclusions. Behavioural pathology. These results do not stand alone. Urinary cortisol responses as well as behavioural data were gathered. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.g., summarized or classified). The different breeds of macaques respond differently to stressful stimuli and situations, including maternal separation. In this experiment, six groups of macaques underwent twenty-four hour water deprivation followed by access to a single water spout. Members of Deaf culture want their label to be capitalized with a "D," which is a means for establishing unity and community. However, in animals which already exhibit the behaviour, these conditions will tend to accentuate it. Developing housing facilities for rhesus monkeys: prevention of abnormal behaviour. 27. Taking an identity-first approach promotes autonomy among and for people with disabilities. Animals which were intellectually capable of interpreting what was required of them were less stressed by the experience. Studying infant pig-tail macaques they determined that animals with high baseline heart rates showed more pronounced behavioural and physiological reactions to maternal separation than did animals with lower baseline heart rates. Abnormal stereotyped motor acts. The effects of environmental complexity on the stereotyped behaviour of children. and Sackett, G. (1995). and Drickamer, L.C. The conclusion drawn from the cortisol responses was that variations in cage size have no stress effect as judged by urinary cortisol. Abnormal behavior in relation to cage size in rhesus monkeys. Erin E. Andrews, former co-chair of APA's Committee on Disability Issues in Psychology is board certified in rehabilitation psychology and currently serves as the supervisory psychologist at the Austin Veterans Affairs (VA) Outpatient Clinic, the largest freestanding VA outpatient clinic in the United States. The captive environment: its effect on exploratory and related behavioural responses in wild animals. Not all members of the disability community think person-first language is the best choice. (1966). Social isolation rearing: species differences in behaviour of macaque monkeys. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Paulk, H.H., Dienske, H. and Ribbens, L.G. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89: 5391-1550. 7. by P .R. In recent times, social housing in pairs or groups whenever possible has been favoured over individual housing.'" Dunn, D. S., & Andrews, E. (2015). As it is seen in captive animals but not in wild animals, attention has been focused on the situations in which this behaviour develops. Boccia et at. pp 179-199. For experimentalists like Harlow, only developmental theories verified under controlled laboratory conditions deserved to be called scientific. Ed. American Psychologist 10:765-773. Wemelsfelder (1993)27 states in her discussion of animal boredom and its relationship to stereotypic behaviour that "the development of stereotypic behaviour reflects an impairment of an animal's capacity to interact with the environment." It is difficult to ascertain in humans, let alone in monkeys. Animal Behaviour 41: 1015- 1037. COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. The pig-tail macaques showed more aggression and antagonistic behaviour around the water spout than did the bonnets. Furthermore, all of the cages are smaller than the legal minimum cage size for animals of this weight in the UK (89 cm x 89 cm x 110 cm for a 4-6 kg animal; see Figure 1). American Journal of Primatology, 32:159-170. Gray Eaton, G., Kelley, S.T., Axthelm, M.K., Iliff-Sizemore, SA. In comparative psycho-pathology: animal and human. By examining the scientific literature regarding stereotypic behaviour in laboratory macaques, it is possible to move towards an understanding of this abnormal behaviour. The first cage size was assigned at random but the order was the same for each monkey (0-1-4-2-3). II 1986 C.14 Section 21 (Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986), Section 3.2 p12.London. Schapiro, SJ. Urinary cortisol responses of long-tailed macaques to five cage sizes, tethering, sedation, and room change. Thus, these environmental components appear to influence the frequency of established stereotypic behaviour but do not cause it. This claiming can be about disability more generally or with regards to a particular disability. Primates are intelligent, active, curious animals with a need for complex, stimulating environments. 5 Denollet, J., et al. Suomi, S.J., Kraemer, G.W ., Baysinger, C.M. In Biology of stress in farm animals: an integrated approach.

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