This volume contains 93 papers from internationally recognized experts in the field of brain edema and brain injury. communicating hydrocephalus. It is not always clear why the condition develops, but it may be linked to other underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, or high cholesterol. Congenital hydrocephalusis present at birth, although it may not be detected until later in life. This form is called communicating because the CSF can still flow between the ventricles, the passages between which remain open. Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by a blockage to the natural ventricular drainage system and CSF flow; Communicating hydrocephalus is due to reduced absorbance of CSF by the arachnoid villi (or rarely due to increased CSF … 14(3):97-9. Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a common complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. In this review, we summarize the advanced research on HCP and discuss the understanding of the molecular originators of HCP and the development of diagnoses and remedies of HCP after SAH. 12(1):54-61. Hydrocephalus occurs when there is an imbalance between how much CSF is being produced, and the rate at which it is being absorbed into the bloodstream. decline in school or job performance. [Medline]. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. Damasceno BP, Carelli EF, Honorato DC, Facure JJ. [Full Text]. This MRI axial image demonstrates dilatation of the lateral ventricles. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when the low of CSF is blocked after it exits the ventricles. [Medline]. Some premature babies have bleeding in the brain, which can block the flow of CSF and cause hydrocephalus. [Medline]. This book documents the state of the art in pediatric neurosurgery with the intention of providing a comprehensive guide to the management of the full range of pediatric neurosurgical disorders that will aid in the delivery of optimal care. [Medline]. Some of the most common symptoms of hydrocephalus are headache and progressive depression of the level of consciousness. Non-communicating hydrocephalus is the most common form of hydrocephalus in fetuses. It affects people of all ages, from infants to adults, with over 1,000,000 people living with the condition in the United States. Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug ReferenceDisclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus NPH: There is an accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain without an increase in intracranial pressure. They can occur either due to some prior trauma, bleeding or infection, or can be congenital, present at birth. One distinguishes between two general types of the disorder: communicating hydrocephalus and non-communicating hydrocephalus. NPH is also known as NPH Human Insulin and Humulin N (Eli Lilly and Company brand name). NPH is highly effective for the treatment of diabetes. It is unique because it is an intermediate acting medication that provides up to 24 hours of glucose regulation. Obstructive hydrocephalus is also known as non-communicating hydrocephalus. 2013 Jul. This is essential reading for neurologists, neurosurgeons, family physicians, and radiologists who may well encounter adult patients with hydrocephalus more often than they realize. Now we will discuss about their causes. [Medline]. Hydrocephalus can be congenital, meaning it is present at birth, or be acquired later on, meaning it develops during or after birth. This cause is called obstructive hydrocephalus because it is caused by obstruction of this flow of fluid. Cystic dilation of the fourth ventricle. 1997 Jun. is classifi ed as obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus, whereas obstruction of CSF fl ow or its absorption in the subarachnoid spaces is known as communicating hydrocephalus. Dandy-Walker malformation: It is defined as the partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis. This typically causes an obstructive or non-communication hydrocephalus. Nucl Med Commun. In a subset of communicating hydrocephalus, no CSF obstruction can be demonstrated as occurs in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), a complex entity with poorly understood CSF dynamics. This finding is called papilledema and can be found on a careful eye examination. Midsagittal T1-weighted and two representative frames of the diastolic and systolic phases of a phase-contrast flow-sensitive MRI sequence ( b , c , e , f ). Black PML. 66(5):917-24. The book incorporates the essential concepts for obtaining good images and understanding normal development, which helps the reader to distinguish normal developmental changes from disease The cause of hydrocephalus in such cases is variable and can either be due to reduced absorption of CSF (due to obstruction of CSF flow through the subarachnoid space or at the level of the arachnoid granulations (and probably perivascular spaces: see glymphatic pathway) or due to overproduction of CSF. problems with balance. blockage of CSF flow and absorption due to a stroke related cause. Non-communicating hydrocephalus is often referred to as obstructive hydrocephalus and is by definition an intraventricular obstruction of CSF flow. Semin Pediatr Neurol. [7] See the images below. Bacterial meningitis more commonly causes hydrocephalus than viral meningitis. Endoscopic cerebral aqueductoplasty: a trans-fourth ventricle approach. "This book is intended to be a quick reference handbook in every radiology and A&E department globally. It covers a wide range of emergencies and specifically targets on-call radiologists and trainees who deal with these emergencies. It can cause a number of symptoms, including pressure on the brain, leading to damage. Summary. J Pediatr Neurosci. But if the CFS flows out of the ventricles into the spinal canal it is termed as Non obstructive Hydrocephalus. Follow-up of children with shunted hydrocephalus. This condition literally means "water head" and is more commonly referred to as water on the brain. Hydrocephalus can also be classified into non-communicating (obstructive) and communicating (non-obstructive):. An excessive accumulation of CSF can cause the ventricles to enlarge, which can put pressure on the tissues of the brain. 72(4):503-6. American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Oertel JM, Mondorf Y, Baldauf J, Schroeder HW, Gaab MR. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus due to intracranial hemorrhage with intraventricular extension. Recent evidence suggests that earlier, rather than later, intervention may have some benefits, but more data are needed to adequately inform clinical practice. Possible causes can include bleeding inside the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage), a blood clot, an infection such as meningitis, a brain tumor, an injury or trauma to the head, a cyst, or stroke. Arachnoid cysts, Chiara malformation, and Dandy-Walker syndrome (a rare genetic disorder), are other less common causes of congenital hydrocephalus. loss of bladder control and/or frequent urination. Noncommunicating obstructive hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of foramina of Luschka and Magendie. J Rheumatol. It forms when the brain and surrounding … problem with reabsorption of the CFS into the subarachnoid space, NOT A FLOW PROBLEM. Patient symptoms depend on the rapidity of … [Medline]. Evaluation of glucocorticosteroid injection for the treatment of trochanteric bursitis. Natural treatment. Chang CC, Kuwana N, Noji M, Tanabe Y, Koike Y, Ikegami T. Cerebral blood flow in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Illness should be treated from the deepest root to eradicate it, and in order to achieve … Both basic and advanced imaging techniques are used, reflecting the reality of clinical practice. This image-focused book emphasises the most pertinent clinical information relevant to the diagnostic process. [Medline]. Hydrocephalus. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is a unique form of non-obstructive hydrocephalus characterised by large ventricles [1] but normal intracranial pressure [1] Important as its a preventable cause of dementia and is often mistaken for Alzheimer's or aging Neurosurg Clin N Am. Neurosurgery. This results in significant back-pressure and enlargement of all the four ventricles. Hydrocephalus can be caused by a visible (on brain scans) obstruction of the normal flow this fluid. 55(2):179-85. [Guideline] Dormont D, Seidenwurm DJ, Davis PC. Obstructive hydrocephalus can occur in patients of any age from infants to the elderly. 2009 Jun. Patient symptoms depend on the rapidity of onset. [Medline]. Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within cavities in the brain, known as ventricles. The aqueduct of Sylvius is the channel which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle … Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. List the causes of Hydrocephalus in children. It can also develop in babies born prematurely, before week 37 of the pregnancy. Different classification schemes are used in veterinary medicine to characterize hydrocephalus. It is the cause of hydrocephalus, mainly non-communicating hydrocephalus. Non-Communicating: If there is a physical blockage such as a tumor somewhere in that system, it is called non-communicating hydrocephalus. This typically causes At Front Range Spine and Neurosurgery, we focus on both surgical and non-surgical treatments as well as advanced microsurgical treatments for a wide range of neurological conditions, such as hydrocephalus. The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus. The three main causes of hydrocephalus are: A blockage.Tumors, cysts, birth defects, and other objects in the brain can block … This can lead to increased pressure inside the head which then can lead to dysfunction and/or damage to the nervous system. Although modern imaging technologies usually permit an accurate diagnosis at an early stage, syringomyelia remains an enigmatic condition. 1997 Jun. 75(6):813-21. Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by a blockage to the natural ventricular drainage system and CSF flow; Communicating hydrocephalus is due to reduced absorbance of CSF by the arachnoid villi (or rarely due to increased CSF … Particularly in non-communicating hydrocephalus, the cause of the blockage – such as a cyst or tumor – is often seen clearly on MRI. Sometimes, hydrocephalus can also occur in adult animals, but this is an uncommon occurrence in domestic dogs. In the case of obstructive hydrocephalus, a newer treatment is occasionally used. Click here for privacy policy. Acute obstructive hydrocephalus causes sudden rise in the intracranial pressure, which … Hydrocephalus is the result of an abnormal accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which causes the cranium/head to become enlarged. Premium Questions. DeBenedictis CN, Rubin SE, Kodsi SR. Esotropia in Children with Ventricular-Peritoneal Shunts. 4. 1998 May. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) – It is more common in people older than 55 years. J Neurosurg Pediatr. Late outcome of the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus present at birth (congenital hydrocephalus) can be caused by certain health conditions, such as spina bifida. It could be due to congenital stenosis, acquired idiopathic, post-infectious or post-hemorrhagic and stenosis secondary to tumor. Acetazolamide and furosemide for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus of the newborn. 2007. These are followed by detailed sections covering all aspects of neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care in both adult and pediatric patients. The final chapter discusses ethical and legal issues. Some premature babies have bleeding in the brain, which can block the flow of CSF and cause hydrocephalus. 100(5):855-66. The fluid spaces in the brain appear to be communicating normally. This book describes and discusses the increasing public health impact of common neurological disorders such as dementia, epilepsy, headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, neuroinfections, neurological disorders associated with malnutrition, ... Hydrocephalus can be treated through a variety of surgical procedures, including: Direct operation on the lesion causing the obstruction, such as a tumor. Hydrocephalus, also known as "water on the brain," is a condition in which there is extra cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord. Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and may be caused by either events or influences that occur during fetal development, or genetic abnormalities. It can be controlled, but usually not cured. Colak A, Albright AL, Pollack IF. When an injury or illness alters the circulation of CSF, one or more of the ventricles becomes enlarged as CSF accumulates. Hydrocephalus Causes. Non-communicating hydrocephalus: Also known as obstructive hydrocephalus, this happens when cerebral fluid does not flow because it blocks one or more of the pathways connecting the ventricles. Congenital hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. Communicating (non-obstructive) hydrocephalus – Occurs where there is inadequate cerebrospinal fluid absorption Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) – An increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain’s ventricles with little or no increase in the pressure inside the head; most often seen in adults over age 60 Incorporating an impressive collection of sonographic images and plates, the book provides an invaluable visual aid in recognizing even the most difficult-to-interpret ultrasound findings.Key features:- Nearly 500 high-quality sonograms and ... In some cases they can be idiopathic, meaning that they have no known medical cause. 51(6):328-33. This volume discusses How shunts work, How shunts fail, Alternatives to shunts, and Measuring implanted shunt performance. Shunt: a mechanism which bypasses/diverts accumulations of fluid to an absorbing or excreting system. It has been reported that When to visit a doctor or consultant [Medline]. Causes of Congenital Hydrocephalus. What are the Causes of Obstructive Hydrocephalus? 2005 Nov. 103(5 Suppl):388-92. Communicating hydrocephalus means the CSF can still flow freely between the ventricles, which remain open, but then gets blocked after it exits the ventricles. -most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus. Possible Causes of Hydrocephalus. Non-communicating Hydrocephalus: This is when there is a blockage in the brain spaces. Acta Paediatr. There are four types of Hydrocephalus. 1999 Mar. Hydrocephalus in adults. Another name for this type of hydrocephalus is non-communicating hydrocephalus. One of the most common causes is aqueductal stenosis, a narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius, a small passage between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. [Medline]. [Medline]. Semin Pediatr Neurol. J Neurosurg. This book is invaluable to neurosurgeons, orthopedists, urologists, pediatricians, nurses, social service workers, and psychologists involved in the day-to-day care of children afflicted with spina bifida cystica. Walchenbach R, Geiger E, Thomeer RT, Vanneste JA. This then leads to a rise in ICP and potential brainstem herniation. It allows the fluid in the head to be diverted to the abdomen where it can be re-absorbed more easily. This varies considerably depending on the type and location of the tumor. 2002 Apr. Frim DM, Scott RM, Madsen JR. Surgical management of neonatal hydrocephalus. The reason why this is not considered hydrocephalus per say has to do with the mechanism of occurrence. Hydrocephalus is usually communicating, and pathogenesis is thought to be due to arachnoidal fibrosis (2). Hydrocephalus may be classified as congenital and acquired. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a neurological disorder that causes dementia. It’s characterized by walking abnormalities, dementia, and impaired bladder control. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by abnormal flow and/or re-absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid, the water-like liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the open spaces within the brain, the ventricles. If it works, it can avoid a mechanical shunt. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. Mercuri E, Faundez JC, Cowan F, Dubowitz L. Acetazolamide without frusemide in the treatment of post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus. There are four main types of hydrocephalus: obstructive, communicating, hypersecretory, and NPH. The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is an obstruction called aqueductal stenosis, which occurs when the passage is narrowed or blocked as a result of an infection, hemorrhage, or tumor. Neurosurgery. [Medline]. headache. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus, also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. As the fluid builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. The disease presents in a classic triad of symptoms, which are urinary inc At Front Range Spine and Neurosurgery, Dr. Michael Rauzzino, is a board-certified neurosurgeon and acknowledged expert in both surgical and nonsurgical treatment of intracranial and spinal disorders. This happens when the small passage (the aqueduct of Sylvius) between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrow. Hydrocephalus is a chronic condition. Take it with you anywhere! Access the full text, downloadable image library, video clips, and more at www.expertconsult.com. With 337 additional expert contributors. This volume contains the papers presented at the Second ICP Symposium held in Lund on June 17-19, 1974. Partington MD. The cause of hydrocephalus varies depending on the type. Pediatr Neurol. This is called a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt). Neurochirurgie. The three main causes of hydrocephalus are: A blockage.Tumors, cysts, birth defects, and other objects in the brain can block or affect the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid. If symptoms and results from an evaluation and MRI point to normal pressure hydrocephalus, a high-volume spinal tap may be used to identify if an individual has the potential to benefit from surgical insertion of a shunt. This form is called communicating because the CSF can still low between the ventricles, which remain open. Causes of Congenital Hydrocephalus. So the excess is being caused by overproduction or poor absorption. This volume contains 65 out of the 104 papers presented at the Symposium as lectures or posters. The topics of the Symposium were similar to those discussed at the previous ones. Emergency Cross-sectional Radiology is a practical aide-memoire for emergency medicine physicians, surgeons, acute care physicians and radiologists in everyday reporting or emergency on-call environments. Lacy M, Oliveira M, Austria E, Frim MD. When the obstruction is located in the ventricular system, it causes the ventricles to expand as a result of the accumulation of CSF. While a certain amount of fluid is required to protect your spinal cord and brain, too much can be harmful. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo occurs when This generally requires the patient being admitted to the hospital and a small transducer is placed within the skull through a small hole in the skull. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Non-communicating hydrocephalus occurs when there is an obstruction of CSF flow within the ventricles, most commonly at the site of the foramina of Monro (between the lateral and third ventricles) or at the site of the cerebral aqueduct (between the third and fourth ventricles). Benign enlargement of sub-arachnoid spaces in infancy. Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure. https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5tZWRzY2FwZS5jb20vYW5zd2Vycy8xMTM1Mjg2LTgyODgwL3doYXQtaXMtbm9uY29tbXVuaWNhdGluZy1oeWRyb2NlcGhhbHVz. 1997 Oct. 27(4):208-10. nausea or vomiting. These are often termed rings or webs. © 2008 Nervous-System-Diseases.com; all rights reserved. In most forms of hydrocephalus, the ventricles inside the brain enlarge as the pressure increases. Cutting off or anesthetizing a condition does not resolve it. All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2021 by WebMD LLC. Espay AJ, Narayan RK, Duker AP, Barrett ET Jr, de Courten-Myers G. Lower-body parkinsonism: reconsidering the threshold for external lumbar drainage. Water on the brain can also cause symptoms like vomiting, nausea, vision problems, seizures, sleepiness, and developmental delays. When these symptoms present in a patient, a doctor can order a medical imaging study to look at the brain and learn more about what is causing the patient's symptoms. It can also result from a condition such as spina bifida, which can cause CSF to leak out, and is caused by defects in the spinal cord during fetal development. Communicating hydrocephalus occurs when full communication occurs between the ventricles and subarachnoid space. Abnormalities of eye movements are also possible as seen in children. The volume will be useful not only for neurosurgeons, but for all specialists interested in the various aspects of hydrocephalus: pediatricians, radiologists, endocrinologists, pathologists and geneticists. Hydrocephalus is divided into communicating where the ventricles are in communication with the subarachnoid space and non-communicating where this is obstructed. 71:328-30. It also supplies nutrients to the central nervous system, which are essential for the nourishment and normal function of the brain, and eliminates waste products from surrounding tissues. Goumnerova LC, Frim DM. Found insideWhether you choose to dip into a particular chapter or read the book cover to cover, Essentials of Pediatric Anesthesiology is a valuable review book for all residents, fellows and clinical practitioners needing to improve or refresh their ... Acta Neurol Scand. If the pressure gets too severe before treatment is administered, coma and even death can occur. Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a common complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Found insideThis open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. [Medline]. poor coordination. 2009 Mar. Childs Nerv Syst. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid occurs within the brain. Methods: Three consecutive patients with ICH and severe … If you would like more information about the services we offer, call us today at (303) 790-1800 or use our online form to request an appointment today. The term chronic hydrocephalus encompasses any condition in which ventriculomegaly occurs in association with chronic low-grade elevation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pressure and is divided into communicating and non-communicating sub-groups. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by abnormal flow and/or re-absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid, the water-like liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and fills the open spaces within the brain, the ventricles. Hattingen E, Jurcoane A, Melber J, Blasel S, Zanella FE, Neumann-Haefelin T. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with adult chronic idiopathic hydrocephalus. Treatment of hydrocephalus with third ventriculocisternostomy: outcome and CSF flow patterns. Non-communicating, or obstructive, hydrocephalus (as you might be able to intuit) refers to conditions in which CSF cannot pass through one (or more than one) of the passages linking the ventricles. Removal of the tumor usually resolves the … Aqueductal stenosis is a common cause of obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus. Cutting off or anesthetizing a condition does not resolve it. Aqueductal stenosis is a narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius which blocks the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricular system.Blockage of the aqueduct can lead to hydrocephalus, specifically as a common cause of congenital and/or obstructive hydrocephalus.. This fully revised edition of Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology conveys the essential knowledge needed to understand the clinical application of imaging technologies. The volume will be useful not only for neurosurgeons, but for all specialists interested in the various aspects of hydrocephalus: pediatricians, radiologists, endocrinologists, pathologists and geneticists. Pathophysiology. ventricles. Hydrocephalus refers to the abnormal enlargement of cerebral ventricles and/or subarachnoid space as a result of excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulation.There are two types of true hydrocephalus: communicating hydrocephalus, which occurs due to decreased CSF absorption or increased CSF production in absence of any CSF-flow obstruction, and noncommunicating hydrocephalus… J Neurosurg. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus occurs when CSF flow is obstructed within the ventricular system or in its outlets to the arachnoid space, resulting in impairment of the CSF from the ventricular to the subarachnoid space. What are the symptoms? The contributions in this volume, presented at the 5th International Hydrocephalus Workshop in May 2010 in Crete, Greece, give the present state-of-the-art in timely diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus. Found insideWhat started as the notes from a Massachusetts General Hospital resident is now the second edition of a well-respected exam review tool. In most forms of hydrocephalus, the ventricles inside the brain enlarge as the pressure increases. Hydrocephalus Causes. 2012 Jun. Pathological evaluation of this brain demonstrated hydrocephalus with no microvascular pathology corresponding with the signal abnormality (which likely reflects transependymal exudate) and normal brain weight (indicating that the sulci enlargement was due to increased subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] conveying a pseudoatrophic brain pattern). Either rings, webs or tumors in the area can cause obstruction of the aqueduct, termed aqueductal stenosis. The central nervous system is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid that is secreted by chambers inside the brain. Filed Under: Neurosurgeon, Neurosurgery Tagged With: Front Range Spine & Neurosurgery, Hydrocephalus, Neurological Disorders, neurologist, neurosurgeon, neurosurgery, Copyright © var dToday = new Date(); document.write(dToday.getFullYear()); Front Range Spine and Neurosurgery. Non-communicating hydrocephalus — also called “obstructive” Normal pressure hydrocephalus is one of the few causes of dementia that can be controlled or reversed with treatment. Here there's a blockage that prevents the flow of CSF between the ventricles in the brain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Symptoms of … Noncommunicating obstructive hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of foramina of Luschka and Magendie. Researchers have since developed an alternative hydrodynamic model that explains hydrocephalus as a disorder of intracranial pulsations. The goal of this operation is to allow the fluid to bypass the obstruction so that the fluid can be absorbed elsewhere. Obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus, as the name suggests, is primarily due to the presence of blockage along the narrow passageways that lead to the ventricles. [Medline]. This happens when the small passage (the aqueduct of Sylvius) between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrow. Some people may be born with narrowed passageways within the brain, which can restrict the flow of CSF. Increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Predictive Marker for Subsequent Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Infection : A Comparison Study among Hydrocephalic Patients.

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